Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer is a term used to describe cancer that starts in the colon (large intestine) or rectum. It usually begins as small, noncancerous polyps that form on the inner lining and can become cancerous over time. Colorectal cancer is one of the most common and treatable forms of cancer when caught early through regular screening.

Types of Colorectal Cancer

1. Adenocarcinoma

The most common type of colorectal cancer, accounting for over 90% of cases. It begins in cells that produce mucus and line the colon and rectum.

Common symptoms:

• Blood in stool
• Changes in bowel habits
• Unexplained weight loss
• Fatigue and weakness
2. Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs)

Rare tumors that form in the connective tissue of the digestive tract, including the colon and rectum.

Common symptoms:

• Abdominal pain or mass
• Bleeding in the GI tract
• Nausea and vomiting
3. Lymphoma

Though rare, lymphoma can start in the colon or rectum, particularly in the immune system cells.

Common symptoms:

• Persistent diarrhea or constipation
• Stomach cramping
• Appetite loss

What Causes Colorectal Cancer?

Colorectal cancer typically develops over time due to a mix of genetic and environmental factors. Common causes and risk factors include:

• Family history of colon or rectal cancer
• Inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn’s or ulcerative colitis
• Diets low in fiber and high in red/processed meat
• Smoking and heavy alcohol use
• Physical inactivity and obesity
• Inherited syndromes (Lynch syndrome, FAP)

How is Colorectal Cancer Diagnosed?

Early diagnosis is essential and usually begins with screening. Common methods include:

• Colonoscopy: Examines the entire colon and rectum for polyps or tumors
• Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT): Detects blood in stool
• Stool DNA test: Finds altered DNA and blood in stool
• CT colonography: Produces detailed images of the colon
• Biopsy: Confirms if a growth is cancerous

Screening is recommended starting at age 45 or earlier if there is a family history or other risk factors.

Treatment Options for Colorectal Cancer

Treatment depends on the stage, location, and patient’s overall health. Common options include:

1. Surgery

Removes cancerous tissue or part of the colon/rectum. May include a colostomy in some cases.

2. Chemotherapy

Uses drugs to kill or stop the growth of cancer cells. Often used after surgery.

3. Radiation Therapy

Commonly used for rectal cancer to shrink tumors before surgery or relieve symptoms.

4. Targeted Therapy

Focuses on specific proteins or genetic mutations that help the cancer grow.

5. Immunotherapy

Helps the body’s immune system recognize and attack cancer cells, especially in cases with genetic instability.

Why Early Detection is Critical?

Colorectal cancer often develops slowly and can be prevented with regular screening. When caught early, treatment is more effective, less invasive, and has a higher success rate.

Support, Recovery & Life After Colorectal Cancer

Recovery from colorectal cancer depends on the stage and treatment type. Ongoing care includes:

• Nutritional counseling and diet changes
• Exercise and rehabilitation programs
• Colostomy care if needed
• Emotional and psychological support
• Regular medical checkups and follow-up scans

With early detection and a strong recovery plan, many patients live long, healthy lives after treatment.

Conclusion

Colorectal cancer is one of the most preventable and treatable cancers today. Through lifestyle changes, awareness, and routine screening, lives can be saved. Timely diagnosis and proper treatment make a significant difference in recovery and quality of life.